Thursday, September 11, 2025

THE NIGHT MUHAMMAD INTERACTED WITH JINNS IS AGAINST THE HOLY GOD

 


By Dr. Max Shimba, Max Shimba Ministries Org.





Table of Contents


  1. Introduction

  2. Understanding the Concept of Jinn in Islam

    • Jinn in Pre-Islamic Arabia

    • Qur’anic Descriptions of Jinn

    • Jinn in Hadith and Islamic Tradition

  3. Biblical Theology of Demons and Unclean Spirits

    • Old Testament Condemnation of Spiritism

    • Jesus Christ and Authority Over Demons

    • Apostolic Ministry and Deliverance

  4. Muhammad’s Interaction with Jinns: Qur’anic Accounts

    • Surah al-Jinn (72:1–14)

    • Surah al-Ahqaf (46:29–32)

    • Traditional Narratives of Laylatul Jinn

  5. Theological Contradictions with the Bible

    • Dialogue vs. Exorcism

    • Fellowship vs. Separation from Spirits

    • Salvation for Jinn vs. Eternal Judgment of Demons

  6. Questioning the Source of Muhammad’s Revelation

    • Possible Demonic Deception (2 Corinthians 11:14–15)

    • The Problem of Contradictory Revelation

    • Muhammad’s Early Experiences of “Possession”

  7. Does Allah Equal the God of the Bible?

    • The Incompatibility of Allah’s Nature with Yahweh

    • Qur’an’s Rejection of Crucifixion and Sonship

    • The Qur’an’s Claim to Affirm Previous Books Examined

  8. Scholarly Questions on Muhammad’s Prophethood

    • Why Interact Instead of Cast Out?

    • Why Contradict Biblical Revelation?

    • Why Include Jinn in a Religious Covenant?

  9. Comparative Analysis: Prophets vs. Muhammad

    • Prophets of Yahweh in the Old Testament

    • Jesus Christ as the Final Authority

    • Muhammad as an Outlier in Prophetic Tradition

  10. Conclusion




1. Introduction


The rise of Islam in the 7th century introduced a new prophetic claim: Muhammad as the “seal of the prophets” and bearer of the final revelation. However, the Qur’an and Hadith preserve accounts that Muhammad not only encountered but also converted jinns (spiritual beings in Islamic cosmology). This claim presents a theological dilemma when evaluated against the biblical record. In Scripture, God’s prophets never engaged in dialogue with unclean spirits—rather, they consistently cast them out and demonstrated God’s authority over them.



The Qur’an’s portrayal of Muhammad as a prophet to both humans and jinn, therefore, raises fundamental questions: Is this consistent with the God of the Bible? Or does it reveal that Muhammad’s experiences originated from a different spiritual source?



This paper will critically examine Muhammad’s interaction with jinns, contrast it with biblical revelation, and argue that such encounters undermine the claim of Muhammad’s legitimacy as a prophet of the one true God.





2. Understanding the Concept of Jinn in Islam


Jinn in Pre-Islamic Arabia


Before Islam, Arabs believed in jinn as invisible beings inhabiting deserts and ruins. They were associated with soothsayers, poets, and occult practices. Muhammad’s contemporaries were familiar with them as spirits capable of possession and mischief.



Qur’anic Descriptions of Jinn


The Qur’an repeatedly mentions jinns (over 30 times). They are described as created from smokeless fire (Surah 55:15), having free will, and divided into believers and unbelievers (Surah 72:11–15). This dual capacity aligns them closer to humans than to the biblical concept of demons, yet their functions—deception, haunting, and whispering evil (Surah 114:4–6)—parallel the role of demons in Scripture.



Jinn in Hadith and Tradition


Hadith literature affirms Muhammad’s interaction with jinns. Reports narrate how jinns listened to the Qur’an, converted to Islam, and even asked Muhammad for religious instruction (Sahih al-Bukhari 731; Sahih Muslim 450). The famous Laylatul Jinn describes Muhammad spending an entire night with them.



These sources elevate Muhammad not only as prophet of mankind but also of the jinn—earning him the title Mab’uth ila al-Thaqalayn (“Sent to the two heavy creatures: humans and jinn”).





3. Biblical Theology of Demons and Unclean Spirits


Old Testament Condemnation of Spiritism


The Torah strictly forbids interaction with spirits:



  • “Do not turn to mediums or necromancers; do not seek them out” (Leviticus 19:31).

  • “There shall not be found among you… one who inquires of the dead, for whoever does these things is an abomination to the Lord” (Deuteronomy 18:10–12).


Jesus Christ and Authority Over Demons


Jesus’ ministry demonstrated complete authority over demons. He did not negotiate with them but commanded them to leave (Mark 1:25; Luke 8:29). The demons recognized Him as the Son of God but remained under condemnation.



Apostolic Ministry and Deliverance


The apostles followed Christ’s example by casting out spirits in His name (Acts 16:18; Acts 19:11–12). Nowhere do they invite demons into God’s covenant.



Key point: In biblical theology, demons are irredeemable, destined for eternal fire (Matthew 25:41). Salvation is for humanity, not for fallen spirits.





4. Muhammad’s Interaction with Jinns: Qur’anic Accounts


  • Surah al-Jinn 72:1–2: Jinn hear Qur’an and declare faith.

  • Surah al-Jinn 72:13–14: Some jinn declare themselves Muslims, others deviators.

  • Surah al-Ahqaf 46:29–32: Jinn listen attentively, return to warn their own kind.


Tradition further expands:



  • Muhammad taught jinns Islam during Laylatul Jinn.

  • Companions reportedly saw signs of their encampment.


Problem: This places Muhammad in fellowship with spirits rather than exercising authority over them, directly contradicting the biblical pattern. 

5. Theological Contradictions with the Bible


Muhammad’s interaction with jinns creates sharp theological dissonance when compared with biblical revelation.



Dialogue vs. Exorcism


The Qur’an describes Muhammad listening to jinns, allowing them to speak, and even affirming their declarations of faith (Surah al-Jinn 72:1–2). Conversely, biblical prophets—especially Jesus Christ—never entertained dialogue with unclean spirits. When demons spoke in the Gospels, Christ silenced them immediately (Mark 1:25; Luke 4:35). The biblical model reveals that allowing spirits to speak is a violation of divine authority. Dialogue is always replaced by exorcism.



Question: Why did Muhammad allow spirits to speak freely instead of silencing or casting them out as Christ did?



Fellowship vs. Separation from Spirits


The Qur’an presents jinns as capable of entering fellowship with believers, joining the covenant community, and even evangelizing other jinns (Surah al-Ahqaf 46:29–32). This is in stark contradiction with the biblical command:



“Do not be unequally yoked with unbelievers… what fellowship has light with darkness? What accord has Christ with Belial?” (2 Corinthians 6:14–15).


If Muhammad integrated jinns into his community, then the God behind his message is permitting what the God of the Bible forbids.



Question: Why does Islam embrace fellowship with spirits, while Yahweh commands separation?



Salvation for Jinn vs. Eternal Judgment of Demons


The Qur’an depicts some jinns as “Muslims” and recipients of guidance (Surah al-Jinn 72:13–14). Yet, the Bible is clear: demons are eternally condemned. Jesus declares that the lake of fire was prepared “for the devil and his angels” (Matthew 25:41). Revelation 20:10 confirms their final destruction.



If Muhammad preached salvation for spirits that God has eternally condemned, then Islam introduces a theological impossibility: redemption for fallen beings beyond redemption.



Question: Did Muhammad contradict God’s eternal decree by offering salvation to jinns?





6. Questioning the Source of Muhammad’s Revelation


The divergence between Muhammad’s dealings with jinns and biblical theology raises the question: What was the true source of Muhammad’s revelation?



Possible Demonic Deception


Paul warns the Corinthian church:



“Satan himself masquerades as an angel of light” (2 Corinthians 11:14).


If Satan can disguise himself as an angel, how much more could he disguise himself as “jinns” affirming a false message? Rather than evidence of divine truth, Muhammad’s encounters could be viewed as demonic deception designed to establish a false religion.



Question: If Satan deceives through appearances of light, could the so-called “jinns” Muhammad converted have been demons masquerading as believers?



The Problem of Contradictory Revelation


The Qur’an claims continuity with the Torah and Gospel (Surah 5:46; Surah 3:3). Yet, it denies the crucifixion (Surah 4:157), rejects the Sonship of Christ (Surah 19:35), and allows fellowship with spirits. These contradictions reveal that the Qur’an cannot come from the same God who authored the earlier Scriptures.



Question: How can Allah claim to confirm the Torah and Gospel while simultaneously contradicting their central doctrines?



Muhammad’s Early Experiences of “Possession”


Historical sources—including Islamic traditions—acknowledge that Muhammad initially feared he was demon-possessed. Sahih al-Bukhari records that he contemplated suicide after his first revelations because he thought he had been afflicted by a jinn or demon (Bukhari 6982). His experiences included convulsions, trembling, and auditory hallucinations—phenomena consistent with spirit possession.



Question: If Muhammad himself feared demonic possession at the beginning, should later encounters with jinn be interpreted as divine or as confirmation of his earliest fears?

7. Does Allah Equal the God of the Bible?


One of the most pressing theological questions raised by Muhammad’s interaction with jinns is the identity of Allah. Muslims insist that Allah is the same God worshiped by Abraham, Moses, and Jesus. However, the Qur’an’s teachings about Allah diverge so radically from the Bible’s testimony of Yahweh that such a claim cannot withstand scrutiny.



7.1 The Incompatibility of Allah’s Nature with Yahweh


The God of the Bible reveals Himself as holy, transcendent, and utterly separate from all forms of darkness. He repeatedly warns His people to avoid mediums, necromancers, and interaction with spirits (Deuteronomy 18:10–12; Isaiah 8:19–20). Yahweh cannot contradict His own holiness by later permitting fellowship with spirits (jinns).



Allah, however, not only permits such fellowship but also affirms that some jinns can be Muslims and part of his covenant community (Surah al-Jinn 72:11–14). This accommodation of spirits marks a fundamental difference in divine nature: Yahweh rejects, Allah embraces.



Critical Question: If Allah embraces jinns while Yahweh condemns all dealings with spirits, how can they be the same God?



7.2 Qur’an’s Rejection of Crucifixion and Sonship


The greatest divergence between Allah and Yahweh is found in Christology. The Bible testifies that Jesus is the eternal Son of God, crucified for the sins of the world and raised to life (John 3:16; Romans 10:9; 1 Corinthians 15:3–4). The crucifixion and resurrection are the core of the gospel message.



Yet the Qur’an explicitly denies both:



  • Denial of Crucifixion: “They did not kill him, nor crucify him, but it was made to appear so to them” (Surah 4:157).

  • Denial of Sonship: “It is not befitting for Allah to take a son” (Surah 19:35).


A god who denies the central act of salvation cannot be equated with the God who provided that salvation.



Critical Question: If Allah denies the crucifixion and resurrection, is he not rejecting the very foundation of biblical redemption?



7.3 The Qur’an’s Claim to Confirm Previous Scriptures Examined


The Qur’an repeatedly claims to affirm the Torah and the Gospel:



  • “He sent down the Torah and the Gospel aforetime as guidance for mankind” (Surah 3:3).

  • “We sent, following in their footsteps, Jesus, son of Mary, confirming the Torah that came before him. We gave him the Gospel, in which was guidance and light” (Surah 5:46).


Yet, when measured against these very Scriptures, the Qur’an stands in contradiction. The Torah condemns communication with spirits. The Gospels declare Jesus as the Son of God and affirm His death and resurrection. The Qur’an both permits spirit fellowship and denies the gospel.



This inconsistency reveals that the Qur’an’s claim to continuity is false. Rather than confirming, it corrupts.



Critical Question: If the Qur’an contradicts the Torah and Gospel on their most essential truths, how can Allah claim to be their author?


8. Scholarly Questions on Muhammad’s Prophethood


The interaction of Muhammad with jinns is not an isolated curiosity; it forces us to reevaluate the authenticity of his entire prophetic claim. When examined through the lens of biblical revelation, the Qur’an, and historical tradition, numerous scholarly questions arise that demand careful consideration.



8.1 Why Did Muhammad Interact with Jinns Instead of Casting Them Out?


  • In the Bible, unclean spirits are never considered candidates for redemption but are consistently cast out under God’s authority.

  • Jesus silenced demons and expelled them (Mark 1:25; Luke 8:29).

  • Muhammad, however, invited jinns into dialogue, converted them, and even spent a night teaching them (Laylatul Jinn).


Question: If Muhammad were a prophet of the holy God, why did he normalize communion with spirits instead of demonstrating divine authority by casting them out?





8.2 Why Does Islam Offer Salvation to Jinns When the Bible Declares Their Doom?


  • The Qur’an teaches that jinns can be Muslims or unbelievers (Surah al-Jinn 72:11–14).

  • The Bible states that demons are bound for eternal judgment (Matthew 25:41; Revelation 20:10).

  • Salvation is a human privilege through Christ’s sacrifice, not an option for fallen angels or demons.


Question: Did Muhammad expand the scope of salvation beyond God’s revealed plan, thus contradicting the gospel?





8.3 Why Does the Qur’an Contradict the Torah and Gospel?


  • The Qur’an claims to affirm earlier revelations (Surah 5:46).

  • Yet it denies Christ’s crucifixion and sonship, core doctrines of the Gospel.

  • It also undermines the Torah’s prohibitions on spiritism by legitimizing interaction with jinns.


Question: How can Muhammad be a prophet of the same God if his message fundamentally contradicts the very Scriptures he claims to confirm?





8.4 Why Was Muhammad Initially Convinced He Was Possessed?


  • Early Islamic tradition (Sahih al-Bukhari 6982) records Muhammad’s fear that he was demon-possessed.

  • His experiences of trembling, foaming, and convulsions resemble demonic oppression.

  • Later claims of angelic or jinn encounters only deepened his reliance on spiritual visitations.


Question: If Muhammad’s first instinct was that he was demon-possessed, should that testimony not be taken seriously as evidence of the true source of his experiences?





8.5 Why Does Muhammad Lack the Prophetic Pattern of the Bible?


  • Prophets of Yahweh consistently called Israel back to covenant faithfulness, affirming God’s holiness and truth.

  • They performed signs in God’s name, vindicating their authority (Exodus 4:30; 1 Kings 18:36–39).

  • Jesus Christ, as the culmination of prophecy, performed undeniable miracles and conquered death.

  • Muhammad performed no verifiable miracles apart from Qur’anic recitation and his reported encounters with spirits.


Question: Why does Muhammad’s ministry align more with occult mediums and spiritists than with biblical prophets?





8.6 Why Does Muhammad’s Teaching Introduce a Different God?


  • The God of the Bible revealed Himself as Yahweh, covenant-keeper, Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.

  • The Qur’an introduces Allah, who denies Sonship, crucifixion, resurrection, and holy separation from spirits.

  • This Allah cannot be equated with Yahweh.


Question: If Muhammad’s god rejects the central truths of the Bible, is it not clear that Allah is a different god entirely?





8.7 Why Should Muhammad Be Trusted Over the Apostles and Jesus?


  • Jesus and His apostles consistently testified to His death and resurrection (Luke 24:46–48; 1 Corinthians 15:3–8).

  • Their testimony was sealed with martyrdom.

  • Six centuries later, Muhammad contradicted their witness with no corroborating evidence.


Question: Why should Muhammad’s solitary claims about Christ and the unseen world override the unanimous testimony of those who walked with Jesus?

Section 9: The Beast’s Mark and the Deception of Islam


The Book of Revelation warns that the Beast will cause all people, great and small, rich and poor, free and slave, to receive a mark on their right hand or forehead, without which no one can buy or sell (Revelation 13:16–17). This mark is not only economic but spiritual—it represents allegiance to the Beast system in opposition to Christ.



When we turn to the Quran and Hadith, we see disturbing parallels. The Quran speaks of a mark upon the wicked:



  • Quran 55:41“The guilty will be recognized by their marks, and they will be seized by their forelocks and their feet.”
    This resembles Revelation’s description of visible identification tied to guilt and allegiance.


Furthermore, Islamic eschatology introduces the Beast of the Earth (Dabbat al-Ard) who will emerge and literally mark people:



  • Sunan Ibn Majah 4066: The Beast will appear and “brand the people on their noses.”

  • Jami` at-Tirmidhi 3187: The Beast will stamp believers and unbelievers, distinguishing them for judgment.


This stamping or branding is nothing less than a precursor to the Mark of the Beast. While Revelation presents the Beast’s mark as a satanic counterfeit of God’s seal on His people (Revelation 7:3), Islamic prophecy glorifies the very act of being branded, claiming it as a divine decree. In reality, it inverts the truth: what Revelation condemns as satanic bondage, Islam promotes as divine identification.



Another alarming parallel lies in Islamic economic restrictions. Sharia law mandates compliance with Islamic practices—such as prayer, fasting, zakat (almsgiving), and confession of the shahada. Those who refuse to submit are marginalized, fined, or executed in Islamic history. This mirrors Revelation’s warning: no one can buy or sell except the one who bears the mark. Islam already sets up a system where survival is tied to religious allegiance, foreshadowing the Beast’s final system of control.



Thus, what the Bible identifies as a mark of eternal damnation, Islam presents as a sign of obedience to Allah. This complete inversion of good and evil is the very essence of satanic deception. The Beast of Revelation and the Beast of Islam are not separate figures—they are one and the same.

Section 10: Islam’s Role in the One World Religion of the Antichrist


The Apostle John foresaw a coming global religion in which all nations would worship the Beast: “And all that dwell upon the earth shall worship him, whose names are not written in the book of life of the Lamb” (Revelation 13:8). This false worship system, energized by Satan, will unite political, economic, and religious power under one banner. The question is: how does Islam fit into this apocalyptic framework?



1. Islam’s Universal Claim


Unlike other religions that remain regional, Islam presents itself as a global faith for all people, declaring: “We have not sent you (O Muhammad) except to all mankind” (Quran 34:28). This universal claim mirrors Revelation’s prediction of a religion demanding worldwide allegiance. Islam is not content with coexistence—it seeks domination. Through its missionary zeal (dawah) and militant enforcement (jihad), Islam positions itself as the perfect candidate to merge with or even lead the Beast’s final system.



2. Denial of Christ as the Son of God


The defining doctrine of the Antichrist is the denial of the Father and the Son (1 John 2:22). Islam institutionalizes this denial in its very creed. The shahada—“There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is his messenger”—excludes Jesus as Son of God and denies His divine identity. Furthermore, Surah 4:157–158 outright denies the crucifixion, the very foundation of Christian salvation. Thus, Islam already preaches the spirit of Antichrist.



3. Preparation for the One-World Submission System


The Arabic word “Islam” means submission. Revelation warns that the Beast will require submission through the Mark. Historically, Islam spread by demanding conquered peoples choose between conversion, taxation (jizya), or death. This anticipates the coercive nature of the Antichrist’s system, where worship and loyalty are not optional but mandatory. The Islamic framework of Sharia already demonstrates how religious law can govern every aspect of political, social, and economic life—exactly what Revelation describes under the Beast.



4. The False Unity of “Abrahamic Faiths”


In our time, we see attempts to merge Islam, Christianity, and Judaism under the banner of “Abrahamic Faiths.” Projects such as the Abrahamic Family House in Abu Dhabi symbolize the push toward interfaith unification. Yet, this unity is not rooted in Christ but in compromise and denial of His divinity. Islam plays a central role in this movement because it demands recognition of Muhammad and the Quran while rejecting the Gospel. Such efforts foreshadow the false religious system of Revelation 17, where the harlot (false religion) rides the Beast before being consumed by it.



5. The Islamic Messiah: al-Mahdi and the Antichrist


Islamic eschatology anticipates the coming of al-Mahdi, a global leader who will establish justice, unite nations, and enforce Islamic law. Strikingly, his description parallels the Antichrist of Scripture. The Mahdi will demand allegiance, destroy Christian symbols, and rule from Jerusalem—precisely where Revelation says the Antichrist will set up his throne (2 Thessalonians 2:4). The Islamic Jesus (Isa), who denies His crucifixion and assists the Mahdi, functions as the False Prophet. Together, they replicate the Antichrist-Beast-False Prophet triad of Revelation.



Conclusion of Section 10


Islam is not merely a religion among many—it is uniquely positioned to play a central role in the Beast’s final world system. By denying Christ, demanding submission, and anticipating a counterfeit messiah, Islam provides both the theological and political framework for the One World Religion of the Antichrist.

Section 11: The Quran as the Counterfeit Revelation


The Book of Revelation is the final prophetic disclosure of Jesus Christ, the Alpha and Omega, who unveils the consummation of history and the victory of God over evil. It contains warnings, promises, and a vision of eternal hope. In stark contrast, the Quran presents itself as a “final revelation,” yet it functions as a counterfeit to Revelation, borrowing fragments of biblical truth only to twist them into a narrative that denies Christ’s divinity and glorifies a false messenger.



1. Revelation from Christ vs. Revelation from “Allah”


  • Revelation (Bible): Given by Jesus Christ to John through an angel (Revelation 1:1). It exalts Christ as the Lamb slain, the eternal Son of God, and King of kings.

  • Quran (Islam): Claimed to be given by Allah to Muhammad through an angel (Jibril). It denies Christ’s Sonship, rejects His cross, and elevates Muhammad as the “seal of prophets.”


This structural similarity is not accidental—it is a satanic imitation. Where Christ’s Revelation ends with eternal worship of the Lamb (Revelation 22:3–5), the Quran ends with eternal servitude to Allah, a false god who cannot save.



2. The Lamb vs. the Beast


In Revelation, the central figure is the Lamb of God, slain yet victorious. Worship of the Lamb leads to eternal life. In the Quran, however, the central theme is allegiance to Allah and his messenger. Instead of a Lamb who gives His life for the world, the Quran elevates a messenger who spreads his message by the sword. This contrast reflects the true vs. counterfeit savior: the Lamb vs. the Beast.



3. The Seal of God vs. The Mark of the Beast


Revelation describes a sealing of God’s people on their foreheads (Revelation 7:3). This seal is spiritual, marking believers for divine protection and eternal life. The Quran, however, introduces a physical branding by the Beast (27:82, supported by Hadith), presenting it as a sign from Allah. What Revelation condemns as the Mark of the Beast, Islam calls a divine sign—turning salvation into damnation.



4. The Warning Against Altered Revelation


The Bible ends with a stern warning: “If any man shall add unto these things, God shall add unto him the plagues that are written in this book” (Revelation 22:18). The Quran, however, arrives 600 years later claiming to correct, replace, and abrogate the Gospel. By presenting itself as a new scripture, it directly violates Revelation’s warning and places itself under judgment. The Quran is not a continuation—it is a corruption.



5. A Tale of Two Eternities


  • Revelation’s climax: The New Jerusalem, the dwelling of God with redeemed humanity, where there is no more death, sorrow, or pain.

  • Quran’s climax: A paradise of sensual pleasures (virgins, wine, rivers of milk and honey), appealing to earthly lusts rather than heavenly holiness.


The sharp difference reveals the counterfeit nature of the Quranic “paradise.” It offers fleshly indulgence, not eternal communion with God.



Conclusion of Section 11


The Quran stands as the counterfeit Revelation—a demonic inversion of the true vision given by Christ to John. Where the Bible ends with eternal worship of the Lamb, the Quran ends with eternal denial of Him. Where Revelation promises holiness, the Quran promises indulgence. Where Revelation warns against adding new prophecy, Islam adds a false book. The Quran, therefore, is not the word of God but the twisted counterfeit of the final book of Scripture.

Section 12: Muhammad as the False Prophet of Revelation


The Book of Revelation does not only warn of the Beast (Antichrist) but also of the False Prophet, who works alongside the Beast to deceive the nations. This False Prophet performs deceptive “signs,” compels worship of the Beast, and promotes allegiance to the Beast’s system (Revelation 13:11–15). When we examine Muhammad’s life and mission, we find disturbing parallels that align him precisely with the role of the False Prophet described in Scripture.



1. The False Prophet Promotes the Beast


  • In Revelation, the False Prophet directs humanity’s worship toward the Beast, enforcing allegiance.

  • In Islam, Muhammad directs all devotion toward Allah—an entity who denies Christ as the Son of God (Quran 4:171, 5:72). By proclaiming a deity who is not the Father of Jesus, Muhammad promoted a Beast-like counterfeit god.


2. The False Prophet Speaks “Like a Dragon”


Revelation 13:11 describes the False Prophet as having two horns like a lamb but speaking like a dragon. This means he appears gentle and religious outwardly, but his words originate from satanic deception.



  • Muhammad presented himself as a prophet in the line of Abraham, Moses, and Jesus, appearing as a continuation of biblical tradition (“two horns like a lamb”).

  • Yet his message directly contradicts the heart of the Gospel: denying the crucifixion (Quran 4:157), the Sonship of Christ (Quran 112:3), and salvation through grace. This voice of denial is the voice of the dragon.


3. The False Prophet Performs Signs of Deception


Revelation warns that the False Prophet will deceive the world with lying wonders (Revelation 13:14). Muhammad’s so-called “miracles” fit this description:



  • His night journey to heaven (Isra and Mi’raj) lacks historical or rational foundation, yet it is celebrated as proof of divine favor.

  • His encounters with jinn—beings the Bible associates with demons—are presented as moments of revelation and conversion, when in reality they are marks of demonic alliance.

  • The Quran itself is presented as the “greatest miracle,” but its contradictions, borrowings, and denials of biblical truth expose it as a work of deception.


4. The False Prophet Enforces Worship and Persecution


Revelation describes the False Prophet enforcing worship of the Beast under penalty of death (Revelation 13:15). Islam historically follows this pattern:



  • Apostasy laws in Sharia demand death for those who leave Islam.

  • Non-Muslims are forced into submission under dhimma contracts, paying jizya or facing death.

  • Entire nations were conquered under the cry of “Allahu Akbar”—not as free worship, but as enforced allegiance to Muhammad’s god.


5. The Final Judgment of the False Prophet


Revelation 19:20 states: “The beast was captured, and with it the false prophet who in its presence had done the signs by which he deceived those… These two were thrown alive into the lake of fire that burns with sulfur.”
This prophetic destiny aligns with Muhammad, who spread deception, denied Christ, and led millions into error. Unless Islam’s followers repent and turn to the true Jesus Christ, both the system of the Beast and the prophet who promoted it face eternal judgment.



Conclusion of Section 12


When evaluated against the criteria of Revelation, Muhammad emerges not as a prophet of God, but as the very embodiment of the False Prophet. He denied the core of the Gospel, promoted allegiance to a counterfeit god, performed lying signs, allied with demons, and enforced submission through violence. In light of Revelation, the case is overwhelming: Muhammad fulfills the role of the False Prophet who serves the Beast, deceiving the nations until the final judgment.


Section 13: The Inversion of Christ’s Gospel in Islam


The Apostle Paul warned in Galatians 1:8–9 that even if an angel from heaven preached a different gospel, it must be rejected as accursed. Islam, through Muhammad, presents itself as a continuation and correction of the biblical faith. Yet, when examined carefully, it becomes clear that Islam does not supplement the Gospel of Christ but inverts it—reversing every foundational truth into its opposite. This inversion is not merely doctrinal disagreement; it is a systematic satanic counterfeit.



1. The Cross of Christ vs. Denial of the Cross


  • The Gospel: The crucifixion of Jesus is the central event of salvation. On the cross, Christ bore the sins of the world, reconciling humanity to God (1 Peter 2:24).

  • Islam: The Quran explicitly denies that Jesus was crucified (Quran 4:157–158), claiming instead that it only appeared so. By removing the cross, Islam removes the atonement, leaving mankind without redemption.


2. The Sonship of Christ vs. Denial of Sonship


  • The Gospel: Jesus is the eternal Son of God, begotten of the Father, one with Him in divinity (John 3:16; John 10:30).

  • Islam: The Quran repeatedly denies God having a Son (Quran 112:3, 19:35, 25:2), declaring such belief as blasphemy. This strikes at the very heart of Christianity, for if Christ is not the Son, He cannot be the Savior.


3. Grace vs. Works-Based Submission


  • The Gospel: Salvation is by grace through faith, not of works, so that no man may boast (Ephesians 2:8–9).

  • Islam: Entrance to paradise depends on adherence to Islamic law, rituals, and good deeds, with no assurance of salvation except martyrdom. This shifts the focus from God’s finished work in Christ to man’s endless striving under Sharia.


4. Resurrection Life vs. Earthly Lusts


  • The Gospel: Eternal life is communion with God, where there is no death, sorrow, or sin. The redeemed are clothed in righteousness and dwell forever in God’s holy presence (Revelation 21:3–4).

  • Islam: Paradise is depicted as sensual indulgence—gardens, rivers of wine, and virgins for sexual gratification (Quran 56:22–24, 78:31–34). Rather than lifting the soul into holiness, Islam’s “heaven” caters to fleshly appetites, inverting the true promise of spiritual renewal.


5. Christ the Eternal Word vs. Muhammad the “Final Prophet”


  • The Gospel: Christ is the Alpha and Omega, the final Word of God (John 1:1; Revelation 22:13). No revelation can follow Him because He is God’s full and perfect disclosure.

  • Islam: Muhammad is called the “Seal of the Prophets” (Quran 33:40), superseding Jesus. The Quran claims to replace and correct the Gospel. This is the very fulfillment of Paul’s warning about another gospel delivered by an “angel” (Galatians 1:8).


6. Freedom in Christ vs. Bondage in Islam


  • The Gospel: Christ liberates believers from the law of sin and death, offering freedom in the Spirit (Romans 8:2).

  • Islam: Muslims live under fear—fear of Allah’s wrath, fear of failing rituals, fear of apostasy punishable by death. It is a religion of bondage, not freedom.


Conclusion of Section 13


Islam is not simply a different perspective on biblical truth; it is a mirror image in reverse—a deliberate inversion of the Gospel. It denies the cross, rejects the Son, replaces grace with works, trades resurrection glory for sensual lust, substitutes Muhammad for Christ, and enslaves where Christ frees. This inversion aligns perfectly with satanic strategy: to twist God’s truth into its opposite and lead nations into darkness. Thus, Islam must not be seen as an Abrahamic sibling faith but as the antithesis of the Gospel of Christ.


Section 14: The Prophetic Warning Against Islam in Scripture


The Bible not only proclaims the truth of the Gospel but also forewarns believers about coming deceptions that would oppose Christ. These warnings find clear fulfillment in the rise of Islam, a system that denies Jesus as the Son of God, rejects the cross, and exalts a false prophet. When examined through the lens of prophecy, Islam emerges as one of the greatest fulfillments of biblical warnings against antichrist systems.



1. The Spirit of Antichrist (1 John 2:22–23)


John writes: “Who is the liar? It is whoever denies that Jesus is the Christ. Such a person is the antichrist—denying the Father and the Son. No one who denies the Son has the Father; whoever acknowledges the Son has the Father also.”



  • Islam explicitly denies Jesus as the Son of God (Quran 4:171, 19:35).

  • By this definition, Islam is not a neutral faith but carries the spirit of antichrist.


2. A Different Gospel (Galatians 1:8–9)


Paul warns: “If we or an angel from heaven should preach a gospel other than the one we preached to you, let them be under God’s curse.”



  • Islam claims to be revealed by the angel Jibril (Gabriel).

  • Its message contradicts the Gospel by denying the crucifixion and salvation by grace.

  • Thus, Islam falls under Paul’s curse against “another gospel.”


3. The Lawless One (2 Thessalonians 2:3–4, 9–10)


Paul speaks of the man of lawlessness who exalts himself over all that is called God and sets himself up in God’s temple. His coming will be in accordance with Satan’s work, with false signs and wonders.



  • Muhammad exalted himself as the “seal of the prophets” and final messenger, placing his words above Christ’s.

  • His so-called miracles, such as splitting the moon and conversing with jinn, are lying wonders.

  • His law (Sharia) binds millions in oppression, making him a precursor to the lawless system of the Beast.


4. The Beast and the False Prophet (Revelation 13, 19:20)


Revelation foresees a Beast and a False Prophet who deceive the nations, enforce worship, and receive a mark.



  • The Beast mirrors Islam’s system of enforced submission (Islam itself means submission).

  • The False Prophet aligns with Muhammad, who compelled allegiance to Allah, persecuted dissenters, and spread his message through conquest.

  • The eschatological mark resembles Islamic prophecy about the Beast stamping people, further tying Islam to Revelation’s warnings.


5. Warnings About Doctrines of Demons (1 Timothy 4:1)


Paul says: “The Spirit clearly says that in later times some will abandon the faith and follow deceiving spirits and things taught by demons.”



  • Islam originates in Muhammad’s encounters with “revelations” accompanied by convulsions, terror, and voices he feared were demonic.

  • His repeated interactions with jinn (which the Bible identifies as unclean spirits) confirm that Islam’s foundation rests upon doctrines of demons.


6. The Rise of a False Peace (Daniel 8:25)


Daniel warns of a ruler who will “by peace destroy many.” Islam historically spread by conquest but cloaked itself in the rhetoric of peace (salaam). The promise of peace under Islam is deceptive, for true peace is only found in reconciliation with God through Christ.





Conclusion of Section 14


Scripture leaves no ambiguity. From John’s warnings about antichrist denial of the Son, to Paul’s condemnation of another gospel, to Revelation’s vision of the False Prophet, the prophetic word consistently points toward systems like Islam. Muhammad’s message fits hand-in-glove with the biblical profile of deception: it denies the Son, proclaims another gospel from an angel, exalts a false prophet, spreads doctrines of demons, and deceives nations under the guise of peace.



The Bible did not overlook Islam; it anticipated it. Thus, Christians must recognize Islam not as a parallel path to God, but as a prophetically-foretold counterfeit that fulfills the warnings of Scripture.


Section 15: The Call to Christians in the Face of Islamic Deception


The biblical warnings about false prophets, counterfeit gospels, and antichrist systems are not given merely to satisfy theological curiosity. They are given so that the Church may stand firm, discern truth from error, and bear witness to the Gospel of Jesus Christ in a hostile world. In light of Islam’s inversion of the Gospel and fulfillment of prophetic warnings, Christians are called to a threefold response: vigilance, proclamation, and compassion.



1. Vigilance in Discernment


The Apostle John commands: “Beloved, do not believe every spirit, but test the spirits, whether they are of God; because many false prophets have gone out into the world” (1 John 4:1). Christians must recognize Islam for what it is—a religion founded upon denial of Christ’s divinity and the corruption of the Gospel. To treat it as a parallel path to God is to ignore the clear testimony of Scripture. Discernment requires courage to call Islam what the Bible calls it: antichrist.



2. Boldness in Proclamation


The Apostle Paul declared: “I am not ashamed of the gospel, because it is the power of God that brings salvation to everyone who believes” (Romans 1:16). The only remedy for deception is the truth of Christ crucified and risen. Christians are therefore called to boldly proclaim Jesus as the eternal Son of God, the only Savior, and the final revelation of God. This proclamation must not be watered down to accommodate interfaith harmony but must confront the lie with the truth.



3. Compassion for the Deceived


While Islam is a system of deception, Muslims themselves are not the enemy—they are captives in need of deliverance. Paul writes: “The god of this age has blinded the minds of unbelievers, so that they cannot see the light of the gospel” (2 Corinthians 4:4). The Church must therefore engage Muslims not with hatred but with the compassion of Christ, praying for their eyes to be opened and their hearts to be freed. Evangelism to Muslims must be coupled with love, patience, and unwavering conviction that only Jesus saves.



4. Perseverance in Spiritual Warfare


Paul reminds believers: “We wrestle not against flesh and blood, but against principalities, against powers, against the rulers of the darkness of this world, against spiritual wickedness in high places” (Ephesians 6:12). The rise of Islam is not merely historical or cultural—it is spiritual. Christians must equip themselves with the armor of God, stand firm in prayer, and resist compromise with false religion.



Conclusion of Section 15


In the face of Islamic deception, Christians are not called to fear but to faithfulness. We must discern the truth of Scripture, proclaim the Gospel with boldness, show compassion to Muslims trapped in error, and persevere in spiritual warfare. Revelation ends with the victory of the Lamb and those who follow Him: “They overcame him by the blood of the Lamb, and by the word of their testimony” (Revelation 12:11).



The call to the Church is clear: hold fast to Christ, reject counterfeit gospels, and bear witness to the only Savior who is the Way, the Truth, and the Life (John 14:6). In doing so, we expose the lie of Islam and magnify the eternal glory of the Lamb who reigns forever.


Conclusion and Summary


This study has systematically examined Islam through the lens of biblical prophecy, apocalyptic literature, and theological discernment, revealing Islam not as a continuation of divine revelation but as a counterfeit system aligned with end-time deception. Across fifteen sections, we have traced the interconnection between Islamic claims and the eschatological warnings given in the Holy Scriptures, concluding that Islam fulfills the prophetic profile of the Beast system, the false prophet, and the great deception foretold in Revelation and the Pauline epistles.



Summary of Key Arguments


  1. Introduction to Revelation 13 and Islamic Parallels
    Revelation 13 warns of a Beast rising with deceptive power and authority, demanding allegiance through false miracles and blasphemous claims. When read in parallel with Islamic eschatology, particularly in the Qur’an and Hadith traditions, striking similarities emerge.

  2. The Beast, the False Witness, and the Mark of Islam
    Islam introduces concepts of a “Beast from the Earth” (Qur’an 27:82–83), a false witness against humanity (Qur’an 16:84–85), and a mark of allegiance (Qur’an 55:41), directly paralleling Revelation 13:11–18. These connections demonstrate that Islam’s eschatology mirrors, yet distorts, biblical prophecy.

  3. The False Prophet in Islamic Texts
    The Qur’an and Hadith portray a future eschatological figure, particularly ‘Isa (Islamic Jesus), who denies the crucifixion and divinity of Christ. This “prophet” proclaims an anti-gospel, aligning closely with the False Prophet of Revelation who points the nations away from Christ.

  4. The Antichrist System and Islamic Theology
    John describes Antichrist as one who denies the Father and the Son (1 John 2:22). Islam categorically denies Jesus’ Sonship and the Trinity, placing it firmly within the biblical definition of antichrist.

  5. The Mark of the Beast and Islamic Symbols
    The profession of the Shahada, enforced submission, and eschatological allegiance to the Mahdi and Islamic Jesus serve as equivalents to the “mark” in Revelation 13—symbols of ultimate loyalty to a counterfeit god.

  6. Islam’s Reversal of Biblical Prophecy
    Islamic eschatology consistently inverts biblical truths: Christ the returning King becomes subordinate to the Mahdi, the Antichrist becomes the Christian Messiah, and the cross is replaced by denial of crucifixion. This inversion demonstrates satanic mimicry.

  7. The Global Dominion of Islam
    Revelation describes a Beast exercising global dominion. Islam’s long-standing claim of universal submission under sharia, coupled with its expansionist eschatology, mirrors the apocalyptic vision of a religious-political empire seeking world domination.

  8. The Deceptive Power of Islamic Revelation
    Muhammad’s “revelations” bear the marks of deception—ecstatic seizures, contradictory teachings, and denial of Christ’s divinity. This corresponds with Paul’s warning in Galatians 1:8 of a “different gospel” delivered by an angelic messenger.

  9. The Role of the Dragon in Empowering Islam
    Revelation 13 emphasizes the Dragon (Satan) giving power to the Beast. Islam’s denial of Christ and violent enforcement of submission reveal the fingerprints of the Dragon, whose mission is to deceive the nations.

  10. The Quran as the Counterfeit Scripture
    The Qur’an positions itself as a “final revelation” while simultaneously undermining the Torah and Gospel. This fulfills the pattern of counterfeit scripture, imitating the form of divine revelation but stripping it of redemptive truth.

  11. Muhammad as the False Prophet of Revelation
    Muhammad fits the biblical profile of the False Prophet: he led people into idolatry of a false god (Allah), rejected Christ’s crucifixion, and validated his authority through coercion and false miracles.

  12. The Inversion of Christ’s Gospel in Islam
    Where Christ proclaims salvation by grace through His death and resurrection, Islam offers salvation through works, law, and denial of the cross. This inversion is the hallmark of an antichrist gospel.

  13. Prophetic Warnings Against Islam in Scripture
    The Bible repeatedly warns of deceivers, false prophets, and systems that exalt themselves against the knowledge of Christ (2 Thessalonians 2; Matthew 24). Islam embodies these warnings, providing a living fulfillment of biblical prophecy.

  14. The Christian Response in the Face of Islamic Deception
    Believers are called not to fear but to stand firm in truth, armed with discernment and the gospel of Jesus Christ. The call is to evangelize Muslims with love while rejecting the falsehood of Islam as a satanic counterfeit.




Final Conclusion


The cumulative evidence demonstrates that Islam is not merely another world religion but a prophetically significant system of deception. It parallels the warnings of Revelation 13, mirrors the characteristics of the Beast and False Prophet, and actively denies the central truth of Christianity—the death, resurrection, and divinity of Jesus Christ. As such, Islam represents one of the clearest fulfillments of biblical prophecy concerning the end-time deception.



Christians, therefore, must remain vigilant, discerning, and unwavering in the truth of the gospel. The Lamb who was slain is the true Redeemer, and no counterfeit system can prevail against His eternal kingdom. Revelation assures believers of Christ’s ultimate victory: the Beast, the False Prophet, and the Dragon will be cast into the lake of fire (Revelation 20:10). Our confidence rests not in fear of Islam but in the sovereignty of Christ, who has overcome the world.



Thursday, July 24, 2025

An Academic Critique of Internal Contradictions in the Quran with Reference to Eschatological Descriptions of Hell’s Sustenance

 Title: An Academic Critique of Internal Contradictions in the Quran with Reference to Eschatological Descriptions of Hell’s Sustenance

Author: Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Shimba Theological Institute


Abstract

Muslim apologists frequently assert that the Quran is of divine origin based on its internal consistency. This claim is derived from verses such as Surah 4:82, which challenges readers to identify discrepancies as a test of divine authorship. However, a critical literary and theological analysis of the Quran’s eschatological descriptions—particularly regarding the food of Hell—raises important questions concerning internal coherence. This article investigates the multiplicity of descriptions concerning Hell's sustenance in the Quran and assesses whether such variances constitute theological contradictions or can be explained as thematic diversity. The findings contribute to the broader discourse on the Quran’s divine claim of inerrancy and consistency.


1. Introduction

The Quran explicitly states in Surah 4:82:

“Do they not reflect upon the Qur'an? If it had been from other than Allah, they would have found within it much contradiction.” (Quran 4:82, Sahih International)

This verse has been pivotal in Islamic apologetics, serving as a self-verifying test of divine origin. Muslim scholars have historically contended that the absence of contradiction in the Quran is evidence of its perfection and divine authorship (Al-Tabari, Tafsir al-Tabari; Al-Qurtubi, Al-Jami’ li Ahkam al-Qur’an).

Nonetheless, when examining the Quran's descriptions of Hell and its inhabitants' conditions, apparent inconsistencies arise—particularly regarding the sustenance of the damned. This article focuses on these inconsistencies to determine whether they breach the Quran’s self-imposed test of inerrancy.


2. Descriptions of Food in Hell: A Textual Analysis

Three primary passages describe what the inhabitants of Hell will consume:

2.1 Bitter Thorny Plant – Dhaari’

  • Surah 88:6: “No food will there be for them but a bitter dari’.”
    The term “dari’” refers to a thorny desert plant, commonly identified with Al-Shubrum, which is both inedible and harmful (Ibn Kathir, Tafsir al-Qur'an al-Azim).

2.2 Pus from Wounds – Ghislin

  • Surah 69:36: “Nor hath he any food except the corruption from the washing of wounds.”
    The word ghislin is interpreted by many exegetes (e.g., Al-Jalalayn) as a fluid composed of bodily excretions or pus, indicating extreme degradation.

2.3 Fruit of the Tree of Zaqqum

  • Surah 37:64–66: “For it is a tree that springs out of the bottom of Hellfire. The shoots of its fruit-stalks are like the heads of devils. Truly they will eat thereof and fill their bellies therewith.”
    The tree of Zaqqum, often interpreted as a symbol of spiritual and physical corruption, offers a grotesque image of nourishment (Al-Qurtubi, Tafsir, vol. 15).


3. Theological and Logical Implications

From a purely theological standpoint, each of these descriptions could be interpreted metaphorically to signify various stages or types of punishment. However, the language employed is not explicitly metaphorical. Instead, it describes the physical act of eating, suggesting literal experiences in the afterlife.

3.1 Contradiction or Multiplicity?

Islamic apologists often argue that these are not contradictions but complementary descriptions (Al-Razi, Mafatih al-Ghayb). Yet, the Quranic text offers these descriptions in the context of exclusivity:

  • No food will there be for them but a bitter thorny plant” (88:6)

  • Nor hath he any food except corruption from wounds” (69:36)

The Arabic terms “illa” (except) and “laisa lahu ta’am illa” (he has no food except) emphasize exclusivity and mutual exclusion. This raises a hermeneutical dilemma: how can multiple exclusive foods coexist in a logically coherent description of eschatological reality?

3.2 The Failure of the Quran’s Internal Test?

Given that Surah 4:82 offers a self-imposed falsifiability test—i.e., the presence of any contradiction would negate its divine origin—the co-existence of mutually exclusive descriptions challenges the claim of perfect consistency. Scholars such as W.M. Watt (1961) and John Wansbrough (1977) have long noted that literary tension and chronological layering within the Quran may reflect evolving redaction rather than singular authorship.


4. Comparative Perspective and Scriptural Consistency

In contrast, biblical eschatology—though also diverse in metaphor—maintains internal coherence without using absolute exclusive terminology. For instance, descriptions of "weeping and gnashing of teeth" or "lake of fire" (Matthew 13:42, Revelation 20:14) differ in imagery but are unified in tone and purpose without suggesting mutually exclusive realities.


5. Conclusion

The Quran’s descriptions of Hell's sustenance, when examined through the lens of exclusivity and internal coherence, raise significant theological questions. The presence of multiple, mutually exclusive food types—each presented as the only food available—presents a serious challenge to the claim found in Surah 4:82. While theological flexibility and metaphorical readings may offer partial explanations, the linguistic and logical exclusivity embedded in the verses limits interpretive maneuverability.

Thus, this case study illustrates how a close, scholarly critique of internal Quranic content may contest the assertion of absolute consistency and divine authorship. It invites further interfaith, philosophical, and textual dialogue regarding the Quran’s nature and origin.


References

  • Al-Tabari, Jāmiʿ al-Bayān ʿan Ta’wīl Āy al-Qur’ān. Cairo: Dar al-Ma’arif.

  • Al-Qurtubi, Al-Jāmiʿ li-Aḥkām al-Qurʾān. Beirut: Dar Ihya Turath al-Arabi.

  • Al-Razi, Mafātīḥ al-Ghayb (Tafsir al-Kabir). Beirut: Dar Ihya al-Turath.

  • Ibn Kathir, Tafsir al-Qur'an al-Azim. Riyadh: Darussalam.

  • Al-Jalalayn, Tafsir al-Jalalayn. Translated by Feras Hamza. Amman: Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute, 2008.

  • Watt, W. Montgomery. Muhammad at Mecca. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1961.

  • Wansbrough, John. Quranic Studies: Sources and Methods of Scriptural Interpretation. Oxford University Press, 1977.

  • Quranic references from The Quran, translated by M.A.S. Abdel Haleem. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.


Author’s Note:
Dr. Maxwell Shimba is a biblical theologian and scholar of comparative religious studies at the Shimba Theological Institute. His research focuses on textual integrity, inter-religious critique, and theological coherence within Abrahamic scriptures.

Contradictions in the Qur’an – Part 4

Shimba Theological Institute
New York, NY
Department of Comparative Theology
Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Th.D.


Contradictions in the Qur’an – Part 4

A Theological and Textual Examination of Internal Inconsistencies


Introduction

Muslim theologians have long insisted that the Qur’an is internally consistent and wholly free from contradiction. This belief is not merely a theological position but one embedded in the Qur’an itself:

Surah 4:82“Do they not then reflect on the Qur'an? Had it been from other than Allah, they would have found therein much contradiction.” (Yusuf Ali)

This claim forms a central pillar of the Qur'an’s argument for divine authorship. According to this verse, any meaningful contradiction within the text itself would undermine the assertion that the Qur'an originates from God. In this segment of our ongoing series, we turn our attention to descriptions of the food in Hell (Jahannam) to examine whether multiple and differing portrayals present a case of internal contradiction.


Subject of Investigation: The Nature of Food in Hell

The Qur'an offers vivid imagery of the torments awaiting those consigned to Hell, including descriptions of the sustenance provided therein. However, these descriptions are varied and, arguably, conflicting.


1. Bitter Thorny Plant (Dhaari‘)

Surah 88:6“No food will there be for them but a bitter Dhari’.”
The term “Dhari’” has been interpreted by classical commentators (e.g., Ibn Kathir, Al-Jalalayn) as referring to a thorny desert plant—dry, bitter, and inedible. Some exegeses interpret it as the poisonous plant known as al-Shubruq.


2. Corrupted Pus from Wounds

Surah 69:36“Nor hath he any food except the corruption from the washing of wounds.”
This disturbing description—variously translated as "filthy pus" or "discharges from wounds"—represents an entirely different and grotesque kind of sustenance.

Surah 69:31 (contextual background): “Burn him in the blazing Fire.” This precedes the mention of the pus, suggesting that punishment includes more than fire—there is also detestable nourishment.


3. Devilish Fruit from the Tree of Zaqqum

Surah 37:64–66“For it is a tree that springs out of the bottom of Hellfire: The shoots of its fruit-stalks are like the heads of devils: Truly they will eat thereof and fill their bellies therewith.”
Here, the food of Hell is said to come from the tree of Zaqqum, a recurrent symbol in Islamic eschatology. Its fruit is described in demonic imagery, emphasizing spiritual as well as physical torment.


Analysis of the Discrepancy

The central issue lies in the Quran presenting multiple, seemingly exclusive descriptions of the only food available in Hell. If Surah 88:6 declares that “no food will there be except bitter thorny plants,” how can Surah 69:36 claim instead that the food consists of pus? Moreover, how does the tree of Zaqqum in Surah 37 integrate with these accounts?

There are three interpretive options, each with theological implications:

  1. Literal Exclusivity: If taken literally and exclusively, these verses cannot all simultaneously be true unless different groups in Hell receive different forms of torment. However, this explanation is not present in the Qur'anic text itself and thus requires extrapolation not explicitly supported.

  2. Metaphorical Reading: Some commentators propose metaphorical interpretation—Dhari’, Zaqqum, and pus all symbolize intense suffering rather than being literal foods. While plausible, this undermines the vividness and specificity of the descriptions, which are otherwise presented in concrete terms.

  3. Cumulative Punishment: Another apologetic attempt suggests a cumulative model—each description represents one facet of Hell’s torment, applied variously to different sinners. However, this again assumes something not stated in the texts that use exclusivist phrasing such as “no food except…”


Theological Implications

If the Qur’an claims, per Surah 4:82, that divine authorship implies absence of contradiction, and yet it exhibits conflicting descriptions of the same eschatological reality, one must ask whether these contradictions are reconcilable without significant eisegesis (reading into the text).

While one might argue that literary or thematic diversity does not amount to contradiction, the specificity and exclusivity of the language in these verses suggest more than poetic variety. The claim of “no food except…” logically negates alternatives unless multiple groups are being described—something the Qur'an itself does not clarify in these contexts.


Conclusion

While the type of food in Hell may seem doctrinally minor, the implications are weighty. If the Qur’an presents mutually exclusive descriptions of the same phenomenon without qualification, and if it states that such contradictions would prove the text is not divine, then this becomes a theological and philosophical problem.

Final Assessment: The varying depictions of Hell’s food in Surahs 88:6, 69:36, and 37:64–66 constitute a textual inconsistency unless heavily reinterpreted. According to Surah 4:82, this opens the Qur'an to legitimate critical scrutiny regarding its claim of divine origin.


Prepared by:
Dr. Maxwell Shimba
Senior Fellow in Comparative Scripture
Shimba Theological Institute, New York, NY



Contradictions in the Qur’an – Part 3

Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Shimba Theological Institute, New York, NY

The Qur’an’s Consistency Claim

A foundational claim in Islamic theology is the inerrancy and internal consistency of the Qur’an. Muslims point to Surah 4:82 as textual evidence of the Qur’an’s divine origin:

"Do they not consider the Qur’an with care? Had it been from other than Allah, they would surely have found therein much discrepancy." — Surah 4:82

This verse presents a challenge to the reader: examine the Qur’an, and if contradictions are found, its divine origin is invalidated. Classical Islamic scholars have reiterated this as an apologetic stance affirming the Qur’an’s perfection.

Forgiveness of Sins: A Theological Inconsistency?

The specific issue under scrutiny in this analysis concerns the Qur’an’s statements regarding divine forgiveness. Does Allah forgive all sins without exception, or are there sins He categorically does not forgive?

Affirmation: Allah Forgives All Sins

One passage strongly emphasizes universal forgiveness:

"Say, O My servants who have transgressed against themselves [by sinning], do not despair of the mercy of Allah. Indeed, Allah forgives all sins. Indeed, it is He who is the Forgiving, the Merciful." — Surah 39:53

This verse has been frequently quoted to promote the Qur’anic message of hope and mercy. The language here is inclusive: “Allah forgives all sins.” It presents divine forgiveness as comprehensive and unconditional for the repentant.

Limitation: Allah Does Not Forgive Shirk (Associating Partners with Him)

In contrast, other passages limit this forgiveness:

"Indeed, Allah does not forgive association with Him, but He forgives what is less than that for whom He wills. And he who associates others with Allah has certainly gone far astray." — Surah 4:116
"Allah forgiveth not that partners should be set up with Him; but He forgiveth anything else, to whom He pleaseth..." — Surah 4:48

These verses explicitly state an exception: Shirk (polytheism or associating others with Allah) is unforgivable unless the person repents before death. The implication is clear — while many sins can be forgiven, shirk is treated as categorically different and, in the absence of sincere repentance, is unforgivable.

A Theological Tension

This leads to a theological tension. Surah 39:53 appears to affirm that all sins can be forgiven without exception. However, Surahs 4:48 and 4:116 introduce an exception that directly contradicts the former’s absoluteness.

Muslim apologists and exegetes (e.g., Al-Tabari, Al-Qurtubi, Ibn Kathir) have attempted to resolve this issue by interpreting Surah 39:53 as applying only to sins committed before shirk or only to those who repent prior to death. However, the phrase “Allah forgives all sins” in 39:53 is unqualified, making the restriction introduced later appear inconsistent unless read with heavy interpretive framing.

Conclusion

The juxtaposition of these verses introduces a genuine interpretative difficulty for the doctrine of divine forgiveness in the Qur’an. If the Qur’an claims that it contains no contradiction (Surah 4:82), then the universal declaration of forgiveness in 39:53 appears incompatible with the conditional exclusion found in 4:48 and 4:116.

Whether this constitutes a theological inconsistency or a nuance in divine justice remains a matter of perspective. From an academic standpoint, however, this serves as a legitimate example of internal tension within the Qur’anic text, calling into question its claim of absolute consistency.



Contradictions in the Qur’an – Part 2

By Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Shimba Theological Institute, New York, NY


Abstract

Islam asserts that the Qur’an is a divine, unalterable revelation entirely free of contradiction. The internal standard set forth in Surah 4:82 claims that if the Qur’an had been from any source other than Allah, it would contain discrepancies. Yet, careful analysis of the Qur’anic text reveals apparent inconsistencies, particularly in the mode and timeline of its revelation. This article examines one such contradiction—whether the Qur’an was revealed all at once or gradually over time—and evaluates its implications for the doctrine of inerrancy.


Introduction: The Qur’an’s Test of Consistency

Islamic theology maintains that the Qur’an's lack of contradiction is proof of its divine origin. The Qur’an declares:

Surah 4:82
“Do they not consider the Qur’an (with care)? Had it been from other than Allah, they would surely have found therein much discrepancy.”

This verse serves as an internal test for divine authorship. Islamic scholars, both classical and contemporary, have emphasized the Qur’an’s uniformity as a hallmark of its authenticity. However, any observable contradiction would, by this criterion, undermine the Qur’an’s claim of being the literal Word of God.


The Discrepancy in the Revelation Timeline

A critical inconsistency arises concerning how and when the Qur’an was revealed. The Qur’an appears to assert both that it was revealed all at once on a specific night, and that it was revealed gradually over time.

1. Revelation in a Single Night – The “Night of Power”

The Qur’an repeatedly emphasizes that the entire revelation occurred on a specific, blessed night:

Surah 97:1“Indeed, We sent it [the Qur’an] down during the Night of Decree.”
Surah 44:3“Indeed, We sent it down during a blessed night. Indeed, We were to warn [mankind].”

These verses clearly indicate a complete revelation on a specific night, understood by Muslim tradition as Laylat al-Qadr (the Night of Power) during Ramadan.

2. Gradual Revelation Over Time

In contrast, other passages affirm that the Qur’an was revealed in stages, spanning years:

Surah 17:106“(It is) a Qur’an which We have divided (into parts), that you might recite it to the people over time. And We have sent it down progressively.”

This verse, among others, affirms that the Qur’an was revealed piecemeal, in direct response to situations during Muhammad’s prophetic ministry over 23 years.


Theological and Hermeneutical Tension

This presents a textual contradiction. Was the Qur’an revealed in a single night, as Surahs 97 and 44 explicitly state? Or was it revealed gradually over decades, as Surah 17:106 and Islamic historiography attest?

Muslim commentators often attempt to reconcile this by suggesting that the Qur’an was pre-revealed in its entirety to the “Preserved Tablet” (al-Lawh al-Mahfuz) or to the “lowest heaven” on the Night of Power, and then revealed in portions to Muhammad over time. However, this interpretation is extra-Qur’anic—it relies on later theological developments, not on the Qur’anic text itself. The Qur’an does not mention this two-step process.

From a hermeneutical standpoint, this introduces ambiguity and undermines the Qur’an’s repeated claim to be clear and detailed (Arabic: mubīn, see Surah 12:1; 16:89).


Contradiction in Light of Surah 4:82

Returning to the Qur’an’s own standard:

“Had it been from other than Allah, they would have found in it much discrepancy.” (Surah 4:82)

The above contradiction—concerning the method and timeline of revelation—is not semantic or metaphorical. It is a direct conflict between two claims, both asserting how the Qur’an was delivered to humanity. Such a contradiction challenges the Qur’an’s internal test of divine origin.


Conclusion

This analysis has highlighted a fundamental inconsistency in the Qur’an’s account of its own revelation: whether it was sent down in one night or revealed gradually over time. This is not a trivial matter of interpretation but strikes at the very foundation of the Qur’anic claim to divine origin and consistency.

If the Qur’an sets its own standard for authenticity—complete internal consistency—then this contradiction must be addressed. According to Surah 4:82, such a discrepancy would be evidence that the Qur’an is not from Allah. As such, this inconsistency provides a serious theological and textual challenge to the doctrine of Qur’anic inerrancy.


Dr. Maxwell Shimba
Shimba Theological Institute
New York, NY



Contradictions in the Qur’an – Part 1

By Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Shimba Theological Institute

Abstract

The Qur’an claims to be a divine revelation wholly free of internal contradictions. Surah 4:82 asserts that a divine scripture must be without discrepancy, and Islamic commentators have historically reinforced this view. However, a closer textual analysis reveals problematic inconsistencies—most notably in the Qur’an’s designation of multiple individuals as the "first Muslim." This paper will examine the claim of internal consistency in the Qur’an through theological, textual, and logical lenses, presenting a critical analysis of whether such contradictions undermine the Qur’an’s divine origin.


Introduction

One of the foundational claims of Islamic theology is the Qur’an’s complete internal coherence and divine authorship. The Qur’an states:

Surah 4:82
“Do they not consider the Qur’an (with care)? Had it been from other than Allah, they would surely have found therein much discrepancy.”

This verse has been widely interpreted by classical and modern Islamic scholars as a definitive proof of the Qur’an’s inerrancy. Tafsir Ibn Kathir comments that the Qur’an contains no inconsistencies or contradictions because it is a revelation from "the Most-Wise, Worthy of all praise." Similarly, Yusuf Ali interprets the verse to affirm the Qur’an’s divine authorship on the basis of its coherence across time, subjects, and contexts.


The Islamic Claim of Qur'anic Consistency

The assertion of coherence is central to Islamic apologetics. Yusuf Ali, in his commentary, claims:

“The Qur’an claims to be a revelation from Allah, and the challenge is that if it were from any other source, it would contain many inconsistencies and contradictions, which no one can deny in any human composition. But in the Qur’an, no such inconsistencies exist.”

This argument implies that even a single contradiction within the Qur’anic text would serve as evidence against its divine origin.


A Case Study: Who Was the First Muslim?

An instructive example of apparent inconsistency lies in the Qur’an’s identification of the "first Muslim", a title that seems to be attributed to multiple individuals:

1. Muhammad as the First Muslim

Surah 39:12“And I (Muhammad) am commanded to be the first of those who bow to Allah in Islam.”
Surah 6:163“No partner hath He: this am I commanded, and I am the first of those who bow to His will.”

2. Moses as the First Believer

Surah 7:143“When Moses recovered, he said: ‘Glory be to Thee! To Thee I turn in repentance, and I am the first to believe.’”

3. Abraham as the First Muslim

Surah 2:132“And this was the legacy that Abraham left to his sons, and so did Jacob; ‘Oh my sons! Allah hath chosen the Faith for you; then die not except in the Faith of Islam.’”

This raises a fundamental contradiction: How can three distinct individuals, living centuries apart, all be described as the "first Muslim"?


Theological Implications

From a theological standpoint, this contradiction is not merely semantic. The Qur’an is asserting priority in faith and submission to God—a foundational identity marker in Islam. The term Muslim (one who submits to Allah) is used retroactively for pre-Islamic prophets, yet simultaneously, Muhammad is declared the first to submit.

Islamic scholars have attempted to resolve this by suggesting that each figure was the “first Muslim” in their own time, but this interpretation is not textually grounded in the Qur’an itself. The Qur’an does not qualify these statements with temporal clauses. Each verse makes an absolute claim.


Logical and Hermeneutical Concerns

From a hermeneutical perspective, the claim of "firstness" in multiple contexts without clarification leads to logical incoherence. If the Qur’an was revealed by an all-wise, all-knowing deity, such semantic confusion should not exist, especially in a book whose clarity is constantly emphasized (Surah 12:1; 16:89).

Moreover, this inconsistency directly challenges the claim of Surah 4:82. If even one contradiction exists in the Qur’anic narrative, then—by the Qur’an’s own standard—it would not be from Allah.


Conclusion

The assertion that Muhammad, Moses, and Abraham were each the "first Muslim" presents a textual contradiction in the Qur’an. According to Surah 4:82, the presence of contradiction indicates that the text cannot be from God. Thus, this specific inconsistency undermines the Qur’an’s claim of divine authorship and perfect consistency.

While Muslims maintain that the Qur’an is a flawless and inerrant revelation, critical textual analysis—when conducted with intellectual honesty and academic rigor—reveals that this claim does not withstand scrutiny. Further study is needed to assess whether these inconsistencies are isolated anomalies or indicative of broader textual and theological fragmentation.


Dr. Maxwell Shimba
Shimba Theological Institute
Orlando, Florida



The Church Is Not a Building: A Biblical and Theological Reflection on Ecclesiology

Title: The Church Is Not a Building: A Biblical and Theological Reflection on Ecclesiology
Author: Dr. Maxwell Shimba
Affiliation: Shimba Theological Institute, New York, NY

Abstract
Many contemporary Christians mistakenly equate the term "church" with a physical structure. However, a biblical understanding reveals a much deeper and spiritually significant meaning. This paper explores the etymological roots, biblical context, and theological implications of the term “church,” highlighting the distinction between institutional edifices and the true spiritual body of Christ. The study further examines the dichotomy between the universal and the local church as taught in the New Testament.


Introduction

The term “church” in modern discourse is often used to refer to a building or a denominational institution. This understanding, however, deviates significantly from the biblical usage and meaning of the term. In its original context, the Greek word ekklesia—translated as “church”—does not refer to a physical structure but to “an assembly” or “those who are called out.” Thus, theologically, the Church is fundamentally a community of believers and not a man-made structure.


1. Etymological and Scriptural Basis

The Greek term ekklesia derives from ek (“out of”) and kaleo (“to call”), meaning "those who are called out." Biblically, the term was used to denote assemblies of believers rather than physical buildings. For instance, Romans 16:5 states, “Greet the church that meets in their house.” Here, the Apostle Paul is clearly referring to the body of believers meeting in a home, not to a constructed temple or formal structure. This aligns with the earliest expressions of Christian community, which gathered in homes, caves, or open spaces rather than designated buildings.


2. The Church as the Body of Christ

The Church is primarily understood as the Body of Christ, with Jesus Himself as the Head. This is affirmed in Ephesians 1:22-23, which declares: “And God placed all things under his feet and appointed him to be head over everything for the church, which is his body, the fullness of him who fills everything in every way.” This metaphor signifies spiritual unity, divine purpose, and mutual dependence among believers.

Furthermore, the Body of Christ consists of all believers from the Day of Pentecost (Acts 2) until the return of Christ. This body is composed of two interrelated dimensions:

  • The Universal Church: Includes all who have placed their faith in Jesus Christ for salvation and have received the Holy Spirit (1 Corinthians 12:13).

  • The Local Church: Refers to smaller congregations or gatherings, such as those mentioned in Galatians 1:1–2, where Paul writes to “the churches of Galatia.” These were not denominational constructs but assemblies of believers gathered for worship, teaching, fellowship, and service.


3. Ecclesiological Implications

Church buildings, denominations (e.g., Baptist, Lutheran, Catholic), and traditions should not be mistaken for the Church in its biblical sense. These are expressions of local congregations within the larger body. The universal Church consists of all those who belong to Christ, regardless of denominational affiliation. However, believers are exhorted to engage in fellowship within local churches to fulfill the biblical mandate of edification and communal support as described in 1 Corinthians 12.


Conclusion

The biblical definition of the Church transcends architecture and denominational boundaries. According to Scripture, the Church is the collective body of believers who have trusted in Jesus Christ for salvation. These believers constitute the universal Church and are called to gather in local assemblies for mutual encouragement, discipleship, and worship. Therefore, the Church is not a building or a religion—it is a spiritual organism composed of the redeemed people of God.

As such, Christian identity and spiritual growth should not be confined to ecclesiastical structures but nurtured within the fellowship of believers in the Spirit of Christ.


References

  • The Holy Bible, New International Version (NIV).

  • Bauer, W. (2001). A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature.

  • Grudem, W. (1994). Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine. Zondervan.

  • Bonhoeffer, D. (1954). Life Together: The Classic Exploration of Christian Community. Harper & Row.

  • Stott, J. (1999). The Living Church: Convictions of a Lifelong Pastor. IVP Books.

  • Carson, D. A., & Keller, T. (2012). The Gospel as Center: Renewing Our Faith and Reforming Our Ministry Practices. Crossway.


Correspondence:
Dr. Maxwell Shimba
Founder and Director, Shimba Theological Institute
New York, NY, USA
Email: info@shimbatheological.org



Was Muhammad Prophesied in the New Testament as the Helper or the Holy Spirit? A Theological and Historical Analysis

Title:
Was Muhammad Prophesied in the New Testament as the Helper or the Holy Spirit? A Theological and Historical Analysis

Author:
Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Servant of Jesus Christ, the Great God (Titus 2:13)
Shimba Theological Institute, New York, NY


Abstract

Some Islamic apologists claim that Muhammad was prophesied in the New Testament, specifically in the Gospel of John (chapters 14–16), as the "Helper" or "Comforter" (Greek: Paraklētos), also known as the Holy Spirit. This article critically examines these claims by analyzing the biblical text and historical Christian interpretation. It demonstrates that such assertions are inconsistent both with the internal biblical evidence and with traditional Islamic theology.


Introduction

A recurring claim among some Islamic scholars and da’wah proponents is that the Paraklētos—translated as "Helper" or "Comforter" in the Gospel of John—refers to the prophet Muhammad. This interpretation, however, diverges from both Christian theological understanding and the internal coherence of the Gospel narrative. The relevant passages in question are John 14:16–26, 15:26, and 16:5–15.

This paper provides a theological rebuttal to such claims and outlines why the Paraklētos must be identified as the Holy Spirit, not Muhammad, as understood consistently throughout Christian history.


Scriptural Analysis: Gospel of John 14–16

The relevant passages read:

  • John 14:26 – “But the Helper, the Holy Spirit, whom the Father will send in my name, He will teach you all things...”

  • John 15:26 – “When the Helper comes, whom I will send to you from the Father—the Spirit of truth who proceeds from the Father—He will bear witness about me.”

  • John 16:13–14 – “When the Spirit of truth comes... He will glorify me, for He will take what is mine and declare it to you.”


Inconsistencies with the Islamic Interpretation

If these passages were truly about Muhammad, then logically Muslims would need to affirm the following five propositions:

  1. Muhammad glorified Jesus

    • John 16:14: “He will glorify me.”

    • Yet, in Islam, Jesus is considered a prophet subordinate to Muhammad, not glorified above him.

  2. Muhammad was sent by God in Jesus’ name

    • John 14:26: “...whom the Father will send in my name.”

    • No Islamic teaching affirms that Muhammad was sent in Jesus' name.

  3. Muhammad was sent by Jesus

    • John 16:7: “...for if I do not go away, the Helper will not come to you. But if I go, I will send him to you.”

    • Islam does not teach that Muhammad was sent by Jesus, which would imply Jesus’ divine authority over Muhammad.

  4. Muhammad took from Jesus’ knowledge and made it known

    • John 16:15: “All that the Father has is mine; therefore I said that He will take what is mine and declare it to you.”

    • Islam does not claim that Muhammad relied on the teachings or revelation of Jesus for his message.

  5. Muhammad dwelt within the disciples

    • John 14:17: “...He dwells with you and will be in you.”

    • Muhammad, a human prophet, did not spiritually indwell anyone, whereas the Holy Spirit is described as indwelling believers.

Thus, for the Islamic interpretation to be valid, Muslims would have to accept a Christology and pneumatology inconsistent with Islamic doctrine.


Historical Testimony

Before the Council of Nicaea (325 A.D.), early Church Fathers had already identified the Paraklētos as the Holy Spirit. For instance, Archelaus of Mesopotamia (c. 262–278 A.D.) in his Disputation with Manes (ch. 34–35, pp. 208–209) clearly refers to the Helper as the Holy Spirit.

This interpretation predates Islam by centuries and shows no evidence that Christians understood this prophecy to refer to a future human prophet.


Scholarly References

  • Geisler, Norman L., and Ron Rhodes. When Cultists Ask: A Popular Handbook on Cultic Misinterpretations. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 1997, pp. 182–183.

  • Geisler, Norman L., and Thomas Howe. When Critics Ask: A Popular Handbook on Bible Difficulties. Wheaton, IL: Victor Books, 1992, pp. 419–420.

  • Archelaus. The Acts of the Disputation with the Heresiarch Manes, in Ante-Nicene Fathers, vol. 6. Edited by Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson.


Conclusion

The claim that Muhammad is the Paraklētos of John 14–16 is theologically untenable and historically unsupported. The internal logic of the Gospel of John, the consistent witness of early Christian writers, and the contradictions with Islamic doctrine all point to the identification of the Helper as the Holy Spirit, not a future prophet. Consequently, any serious theological reflection must reject the Muslim reinterpretation as an anachronistic and doctrinally flawed imposition on the New Testament text.


Shalom,
Dr. Maxwell Shimba
Servant of Jesus Christ, Our Great God and Savior (Titus 2:13)
Shimba Theological Institute
New York, NY



WERE THESE EXTRAORDINARY TRAITS OF MUHAMMAD PROPHETIC?

WERE THESE EXTRAORDINARY TRAITS OF MUHAMMAD PROPHETIC?
By Dr. Maxwell Shimba, Shimba Theological Institute


Introduction

Many Muslims uphold Muhammad as the final and most exemplary prophet of God, whose character and actions reflect divine revelation. However, a critical and historical analysis of Islamic texts reveals a troubling picture. This paper investigates whether certain controversial traits and actions attributed to Muhammad align with the qualities expected of a true prophet of God. The findings are drawn directly from canonical Islamic sources and contrasted with Christian theological perspectives.


1. Muhammad’s Involvement in Adultery with a Slave Girl

According to Tafsir Ibn Kathir (Vol. 6, p. 367), Muhammad was found by his wife Hafsa engaging in intimate relations with her Coptic maidservant, Mariyah. Hafsa reportedly rebuked him harshly. In response, Muhammad promised not to engage with the slave girl again.

Question: Is it consistent with prophetic character to be caught in such a scandal within one’s household?


2. Muhammad and Prostitution Allegations

Sunan Abu Dawud, Book 38, Hadith 4458, narrates that Muhammad sent Ali to punish a male companion who had sexual relations with a female slave owned by Muhammad without his permission. Ali found the girl bleeding, indicating recent intercourse. Muhammad instructed that she not be punished until she healed.

Observation: The very ownership of sex slaves and managing their sexual engagements calls into question the prophetic integrity as understood in biblical standards.


3. Muhammad and Alleged Homosexual Behavior

In Hadith 16,245, narrated by Muawiya ibn Abu Sufyan, it is claimed that Muhammad sucked on the tongue and kissed the lips of his grandson Al-Hassan. This was followed by the assertion that whoever Muhammad did this to would not be punished in hellfire. Similar narrations claim he did so to Ali during illness.

Critical Reflection: Such intimate acts, especially justified with spiritual reward, raise moral and theological concerns regarding the nature of prophetic purity and propriety.


4. Muhammad and Alcohol Consumption

In Sahih Muslim 3753, it is reported that Muhammad asked for and drank strong wine, which led to intoxication.

Query: How could a prophet, whose followers are later forbidden alcohol, justify being intoxicated himself? Is this reflective of divine conduct?


5. Muhammad’s Affliction with Magic and Sorcery

Sahih Bukhari, Vol. 4, Book 54, Hadith 490 and Vol. 7, Book 71, Hadith 658, report that Muhammad was bewitched to the point of delusion. Tafsir by Sheikh Abdullah Saleh Al-Farsy (pp. 977–978) also recounts this incident.

Theological Dilemma: If sorcery is condemned as kufr (disbelief), how could God allow His prophet to be overpowered by it? Was the magic from Allah or from outside forces? What prophet in biblical history was ever bewitched in such a manner?


6. Muhammad's Uncertainty About His Eternal Fate

In Qur’an 46:9, Muhammad is quoted as saying:

“Say: I am not something original among the messengers, and I do not know what will be done with me or with you. I only follow that which is revealed to me.”

Implication: A prophet of God uncertain about his salvation and that of his followers stands in sharp contrast to Jesus Christ, who declared with authority:

“I am the way and the truth and the life. No one comes to the Father except through me.” (John 14:6)


7. Satan Allegedly Converts to Islam

According to a claim in The Origin of Jinn (p. 20), Muhammad is reported to have converted Satan to Islam.

Theological Question: How can the sworn enemy of God—Satan—be considered a Muslim? If this is true, then Islam becomes the only religion where Satan is accepted as a believer.


Final Reflections

These accounts raise serious theological and moral concerns about the legitimacy of Muhammad’s prophethood. According to both biblical standards and general moral reasoning, the life and character of a prophet should reflect holiness, consistency, and moral clarity. In contrast, Muhammad’s biography—according to Islamic sources—shows inconsistencies, moral failures, and spiritual confusion.


Key Theological Questions for Muslims:

(a) If sorcery is a form of disbelief, what is the connection between Allah and magic if He allowed His prophet to be bewitched?

(b) Were the witches who bewitched Muhammad Muslims or pagans?

(c) Was the magic inflicted on Muhammad sanctioned by Allah or from an opposing force?

(d) Which other prophet in religious history was ever bewitched and deluded?

(e) Which prophet was unsure of his own salvation and the fate of his followers?


Conclusion: Why Follow a Prophet With Demonic Traits?

Considering the above, one must ask: Why abandon Jesus Christ—the Way, the Truth, and the Life—for a prophet whose own conduct and confessions contradict divine holiness and certainty?

“...while we wait for the blessed hope—the appearing of the glory of our great God and Savior, Jesus Christ.” (Titus 2:13)


Come to Jesus, the Living Savior and the True God.

Blessings to you all.
Dr. Maxwell Shimba
Shimba Theological Institute



TRENDING NOW